Ukraine is heavily dependent on nuclear energy, with 15 reactors generating about half of its electricity. All its current reactors are Russian-designed VVER types.
What is the history of nuclear power in Ukraine?
Nuclear development started in 1970, when Ukraine was part of what was then the Soviet Union, with the construction of the Chernobyl power plant. The first unit was commissioned in 1977 with unit 4 coming online in 1983. Following the accident in 1986, units 5 and 6 were cancelled in 1989.
The industry remained relatively stable during the years when the country became independent of the former Soviet Union. At the end of 1995 Zaporozhe 6 was connected to the grid making Zaporozhe the largest nuclear power station in Europe, with a net capacity of 5700 MWe. (The second largest station operating is Gravelines, near Dunkerque in France, with a net capacity of 5460 MWe.)
In August and October 2004 Khmelnitski 2 and Rovno 4 respectively were connected to the grid, bringing their long and interrupted construction to an end and adding 1900 MWe to replace that lost by closure of Chernobyl units 1 and 3 in 1996 and 2000 respectively.
What plans has Ukraine had for new nuclear capacity?
The original design lifetime of the Russian reactors was 30 years, but work has taken place to allow a series of lifetime extensions.
In September 2021 the Ukrainian state-owned nuclear power firm Energoatom signed an agreement with the US-based firm Westinghouse to build four AP1000 reactors at established sites in the country. Since then Energoatom has outlined plans for further reactors - including exploring the possibility of deploying small modular reactors from US firm NuScale - as part of its goal of 24GWe of nuclear capacity by 2040.
What about Ukraine’s nuclear fuel?
Ukraine has access to two fuel suppliers: Russia's TVEL and Westinghouse. Most fuel in Ukraine’s reactors is manufactured by TVEL, but the country has had an ongoing project in recent years to diversify its fuel sources
As of mid-2021, six of Ukraine’s 15 reactors were operating using fuel manufactured by Westinghouse, fabricated at its plant in Västerås in Sweden.
How did Ukraine prepare for the latest events?
Earlier this month Energoatom's CEO Petro Kotin said that: "According to the protocol, the plants will not work in case, for example, of bombing attack. In such a case, the plant is shut down and unloaded until the threat is eliminated.
"In the event of loss of the external power supply at the nuclear power plant, the autonomous power supply system starts working by means of powerful diesel generators. Ukrainian nuclear power plants are ready for such a mode of operation: the stock of diesel fuel located at nuclear power plants significantly exceeds the established standards.
"In addition, Ukrainian power units are ready even for an aircraft crash, because the containment and the reactor vessel designed to withstand corresponding risks."
He added that two years' worth of nuclear fuel had been stockpiled in case of interruption of supply.
Energoatom's update on Thursday 24 February
Energoatom issued a statement early on 24 February saying that "all nuclear power plants in Ukraine - Zaporozhye, Rovno, Khmelnitski and South Ukraine - are operating normally, the production programme and, accordingly, electricity generation are stable, according to the approved schedule, all planned activities are carried out."
It added that there had been “no violations of the boundaries and conditions of safe operation. Radiation, fire and environmental conditions at NPPs and adjacent areas have not changed and are within current standards."
It said that the physical protection of nuclear power plants had been strengthened and "no manifestations of any action that could lead to violations of the conditions of safe operation of NPPs have been recorded".
