The Asia Pacific region produces over a third of the world’s liquefied natural gas and generates over 50 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) of emissions during liquefaction.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects in Australian projects account for over half or 29 MtCO2e of liquefaction emissions from LNG projects in the region.
Many of Asia Pacific’s LNG facilities are located in remote areas, far from the power grid. As a result, feedgas is used to generate electricity to run the plant and fuel the liquefaction process.
Typically, 8% to 12% of feedgas is consumed at the plant to run these processes. Older, more inefficient plants, as well as nascent floating LNG (FLNG) vessels, operate with far higher losses.
Replacing these gas turbines with electricity could greatly reduce emissions, assuming the grid power is less carbon intensive. The other option is to install on-site renewable power, in particular solar.
While LNG has clear benefits over other fossil fuels in power generation, the industry is increasingly scrutinising the emissions intensity of its upstream supply and the production process.
Several industry players have set carbon neutrality 2050 targets, and there are indications LNG buyers are looking more closely at the emissions associated with cargoes they are procuring.
Stricter project financing criteria, especially from European banks, is another cause for concern for companies developing capital intensive greenfield projects.
Wood Mackenzie senior specialist Jamie Taylor said: “Three main decarbonisation levers could help reduce emissions at LNG plants, namely operational efficiency, design changes, and the use of renewable energy, which could be sourced from the grid or generated onsite.
“If a solar plant or a hybrid solar plus battery storage plant is installed at the LNG facility, back-up generators could be switched off and renewable electricity could be used to meet the power load. As costs continue to decline and technology improves, renewable plus battery storage could become an alternative in the future, especially for new LNG plants.
“We are already seeing Australian LNG plant operators examining ways to reduce carbon emissions throughout the value chain. Initiatives are underway at the upstream assets supplying the North West Shelf and QCLNG, and Darwin LNG has installed a battery that reduces the need to run one of the gas turbines.
“A carbon tax is likely to be the biggest driver for LNG projects to switch to renewable energy at the plant or deploy carbon capture and storage to reduce emissions from upstream gas, or both.
“Using less feedgas as a fuel would result in more gas being available to supply either the domestic market or be converted into LNG for exports. Rather than increasing annual LNG output, which would only be possible by debottlenecking the plant, this ‘saved’ gas would be used to extend the plateau LNG production level by a few years. Revenues associated with the resulting extended plateau could reach into several billion dollars longer-term.
“In APLNG for example, installing 60 megawatts of solar in 2020 at a cost of $60 million increases the remaining value of the project by $62 million. This is due to the additional revenues generated from selling the ‘saved’ feedgas.
“The relative benefits of installing solar are increased further when a carbon tax is considered.”
